Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.
We used negative binominal models, including adjustment for risk factors age, sex, days since first COVID case, population density, socio-economic and health parameters.
Long-term annual mean NO 2 level ranged from 4. The results demonstrate the need to reduce ambient air pollution to improve public health. The COVID pandemic continues to have severe implications for societies around the world, with major impacts on the health care sector.
Early during the pandemic, there was evidence that ambient air pollution can increase the vulnerability and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 SARS-CoV-2 Domingo et al. In general, ambient air pollution is a major environmental risk factor, related to acute and chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases Environment Agency, Long-term exposure to air pollutants can also increase the risk to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS Rhee et al.
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It has since affected more than million people and caused 6. Morbidity and mortality rate in COVID diseases are also impacted by a variety of individual risk factors e. Williamson et al. To improve the reliability of statistical models on COVID, it is important to adjust for these risk factors Villeneuve and Goldberg, Here we explore the impact of long-term ambient air pollution on the incidence, the need for ICU treatment, the need for mechanical ventilation, and the mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany, based on data from the first COVID outbreak in spring Patient consent was waived, because no individual patient data were collected and data analysis was performed anonymously.
