Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Nowadays, rapid and facile diagnosis of cancer using user friendly processes has attracted much attention.
Herein, metal clusters of MIL as a Metal organic frameworks MOF were coated by a crystalline covalent organic frameworks COF through covalent bonding and created core-shell-like structures. The active part of the working electrode was modified in two consecutive steps.
The porosity of nanocomposite has significantly increased the surface area and improved the conductivity. Au nanoparticles also form an acceptable substrate for bonding antibodies due to their high affinity with amino groups. In addition, Au nanoparticles amplify the EC signal of the biosensor with their undeniable conductivity. To investigate the proposed biosensor, differential pulse voltammetry DPV was used as an analytical technique.
Furthermore, the suggested biosensor has been used in serum samples and discriminate breast cancer sufferers from healthy individuals with high confidence levels. Cancer is one of the diseases that grow uncontrollably in tissues and tumor cells can spread to other organs through body fluids such as blood, urine, and mucus 1. Breast cancer remains the most prevalent diagnosed cancer and 2nd leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide 2. Reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis, tracking treatment response, and monitoring relapse are critically needed to guide clinical management and improve patient outcomes 4.
CA is a mucin-1 protein highly expressed in breast cancer that has emerged as the most widely used circulating biomarker in metastatic disease 5. The prevalent diagnosis of breast cancer essentially depends on various clinical tools, including ultrasound, X-ray, mammography, histopathology, and magnetic resonance imaging MRI 6.
