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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. In patients with COPD, it has not been comprehensively assessed whether the predictive value of comorbidities for mortality differs between men and women.
We therefore aimed to examine sex differences of COPD comorbidities in regard with prognosis by classifying comorbidities into a comorbidome related to extrapulmonary disorders and a pulmorbidome, referring to pulmonary disorders.
Associations of comorbidities with mortality were studied using Cox regression analysis for men and women separately. During the follow-up median 3. Regarding the pulmorbidome, significant predictors in men were impairment in diffusion capacity and hyperinflation, in women asthma and hyperinflation.
Similar results were obtained when repeating the analyses in GOLD 1—4 patients only. Among the chronic diseases with high prevalence, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD is of major importance 1. Regarding the pattern of symptoms 2 and prevalence of comorbidities 3 , 4 , differences between men and women have been described 4 , 5 , 6 , 7. The same is true for the relationship between parameters, for example regarding the association between symptoms and cardiac disease 8.
Several studies also reported different lung function patterns in men and women 7 and a higher exacerbation frequency in women 5 , affecting long-term survival 9. Many COPD patients die from extra-pulmonary causes, in particular cardiac disorders This could be relevant as women show a lower prevalence of cardiac disorders than men 8 , If, however, the longer life expectancy of women is taken into account, the COPD-attributed loss is higher for women This raises the question which other sex-specific differences in common comorbidities are relevant in women versus men.