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Tropical Medicine and Health volume 49 , Article number: 4 Cite this article. Metrics details. Hagen β As part of the study, participants were screened for the four symptoms suggestive of TB infection using the WHO TB screening algorithm. Sputum and venous whole blood samples were collected and tested for pulmonary TB and HIV infection, respectively.
All data discussed are weighted unless otherwise mentioned. Among FSW, Hagen, respectively, experienced at least one symptom suggestive of TB infection. Hagen, respectively. There were no co-prevalent cases among FSW in Mt. Key populations have a higher estimated rate of pulmonary TB than the national rate of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB combined.
In , an estimated 10 million people worldwide had tuberculosis TB with 1. To respond more effectively to the dual burden of HIV and TB, the revised international guidelines for HIV biobehavioral surveillance BBS among key populations recommend in settings with a high TB prevalence biological testing be expanded to include screening and testing for TB [ 2 , 3 ].
To date, the majority of the epidemiological TB research among HIV key populations has been focused almost exclusively on prisoners and people who inject drugs [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. PNG is the most populated 8. The case notification rate for all forms of TB in PNG was reported at cases per , population in [ 15 ]. RDS is a variant of snowball sampling used to produce sampling weights and approximate a random sample [ 16 , 17 ].
Detailed description of the methods used in this study can be found in these references [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Those unable to produce sputum were referred to a local TB health facility for chest X-ray. Participants who returned a positive TB test result were provided with an anonymized referral form detailing their results including if the result indicated rifampicin resistance with same day escorted referral to a TB clinic in the study city for further treatment and care.